V/div
time/div
V/div
1 V
TIME/div
1 ms
Amp
2.0 V
Freq
100 Hz
Phase
0°
SIGNAL
MATH → CH3
Level
0.00 V
NOISE
Trig
0.0 V
TRIGGER
CONTROLS
ƒ(x) Waveform theory & formulas

1 · Waveform equations

Sine wave:

v(t) = A · sin(2π f t + φ) + Voffset

Square wave (fundamental):

v(t) = A · sign( sin(2π f t) ) + Voffset

Triangle wave:

v(t) = (2A/π) · arcsin( sin(2π f t) ) + Voffset

Sawtooth wave:

v(t) = A · (2·(f t mod 1) − 1) + Voffset

2 · Key measurements

Vpp = Vmax − Vmin
Vrms = √( (1/N) · Σ vi² )
Period T = 1 / f
For sine: Vrms = A / √2 ≈ 0.707 · A

3 · Triggering

The trigger stabilizes a repeating waveform on screen by starting each sweep at the same voltage crossing point.

Rising edge: v(t-1) < Vtrig ≤ v(t)
Falling edge: v(t-1) > Vtrig ≥ v(t)

Auto mode forces a sweep if no trigger event occurs within a timeout. Normal mode waits indefinitely.

4 · Time base & scaling

Total time on screen = (time/div) × 10 divisions
Voltage range on screen = (V/div) × 8 divisions

A 1 kHz signal at 1 ms/div shows exactly 1 full cycle per division.

Scope simplifications

  • Signals are generated mathematically — no sampling artifacts or ADC quantization.
  • Bandwidth is unlimited (ideal response).
  • No probe loading, impedance mismatch, or cable length effects.
  • Trigger is instantaneous (zero jitter).
  • Persistence fades uniformly; no phosphor physics simulated.